To fish, you have to throw the float in upstream of the fish and let it float toward the fish, you scare it off if you throw it directly at the fish, then you have to let the fish bite once and do nothing, then on the second time it bites real the sucker in.
Part of the appeal of the game is it's linked to the real world, with the seasons changing in real time so you have to play for at least a year to get all the insects/fish etc., in game celebrations happen on real holidays and use it at certain times of day to get certain things e.g. the turnip lady I think only comes on Sunday mornings.
You buy white turnips off her and sell them to nook, they only keep for a week so you have to sell them to him before she returns. It's like a stock market. (hence her name, Sow Joan) she sells at different prices each week and he buys at two different prices every day. You can't plant white turnips. You can buy red turnip seeds which you can plant, they need to be watered every day else they die, and after a week you can dig them up and sell them to nook for a tidy, fixed profit.
To enjoy Animal Crossing to its fullest, I think you have to get out of the mindset that it's a game you've got to beat and be done with and think of it as an experience more like life, you can't do everything in real life either. It's not for everyone but it's certainly an integral part of its charm for a lot of people. There's not many games you can play every day for a year and still find something new just because you maybe needed to get up early one day for some reason.
I never changed the time in the game - if I missed something, I missed something: it will be there next week, next year. Maybe I'll see it, maybe I won't. If that bothers you I don't think the game is for you.
Having said that, the new game will have a setting for early birds/night owls, so I guess it will change the time of day most of the action happens to fit in better with how you play the game. I do think this is a great idea as \i know i missed out on stuff by mostly playing in the evenings - though I saw a lot of nice things like shooting stars which other people will have missed.
edit: I just remembered there's a cheat in the game where if you place your white turnips on a table they don't spoil so you can keep them until the price is right to sell or if you don't play for a while you haven't wasted your money.
To help make money, keep an eye out for coconuts on the shore. Plant it on the shoreline and you can harvest the coconuts from the trees at 500 bells each. Obviously, it's best to plant at least one from each harvest so you get more trees but they only grow on the shoreline. Also, write a lot of letters to your villagers, and attach a cheap present (usually I'd just attach a second sheet of paper) they write back with a present, and if they give you a non-native fruit, plant it as non-native fruit is worth 500 bells when native is only - if I remember correctly - 200. But really there is no rush to make money - there is no finish to the game so you won't get through it faster by paying off Nook quickly.
edit 2: Nintendo have just released an Iwata Asks for New Leaf. Worth a read.